Kroc IPJ Research and Resources

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  Peacebuilding at the San Diego-Tijuana Border: A Ground Level View

  Rebeca Cazares-Adame MD, MPH and Andrew Blum PhD

  This brief complements the work of researchers like Kleinfeld and Blattman by seeking to understand in a more inductive way the work of peacebuilders on the ground in Tijuana, a city experiencing systemic, chronic violence. Based on survey research and interviews conducted with those peacebuilders, the brief identifies insights that can help inform a peacebuilding field that includes and integrates work in conflict zones and non-conflict zones experiencing widespread violence. Developing this more integrated approach is particularly important at the moment as we move into President Trump’s second term and begin to see the impacts of his administration in the San Diego-Tijuana region.

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  Exploring Dynamics of Power, Inequality and Violence

  Ioli Filmeridis, Rachel Locke, Nana Afua Yeboaa Brantuo, Tarila Marclint Ebiede, Cherrell Green, Biko Koenig, Mardiya, Dayanna Palmar Uriana, Areli Palomo Contreras, and Mirna Wasef

  The research included in this compendium centers Indigenous, diaspora, migrant, disenfranchised and disaffected groups in the discussions about violence and power. Through these perspectives the reader experiences the unflinching interrogations of the forces that seek to control, enforce, regulate and profit from the oppression, subjugation and criminalization of others highlight the harm of unchecked power. The research undertaken by the VIP Lab Fellows highlights how the experiences of those in the sightline of unmitigated power may otherwise be trivialized and obscured if attention and analysis is not devoted to understanding them. Their research also suggests contextually appropriate responses to remedy the historical and ongoing power imbalances contributing to violence.

  The Violence, Inequality and Power Lab (VIP Lab) at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice was created to explore the ways in which power inequalities shape both cycles of violence and the narratives that are told about violence. The Lab works to expose how discrepancies in the balance of power contribute to ongoing harms, undermine the rights and freedoms of certain individuals, and activate justifications for violence.

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  Building Peace from Afar: Women-Led Peacekeeping from the Diaspora (Case Study: Afghanistan)

  Sveto Muhammad Ishoq

  This case study examines the challenges, tactics and tools of Afghan women activists in the UK in their peacebuilding efforts for Afghan women and girls post-Taliban takeover. It shows how operating from exile, these activists employ innovative strategies to amplify Afghan women’s voices, advocating internationally and providing support despite facing complex security, funding, and community unity issues.

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  25 years of the Women, Peace and Security agenda and the reality of women-led peacebuilding

  Briana Mawby and Arenne Taylor Flanders

  This policy brief is drawn from the 2025 annual Women Waging Peace report, which serves as a guide for policymakers and funders and draws directly from the recommendations and priorities of women peacebuilders around the world. These findings have been provided by peacebuilders across countries, conflict contexts, types of peacebuilding work, and across age, sexual orientation, education level, disability and migration status. This report leveraged the perspectives and experiences of 106 women peacebuilders from 43 countries to identify peacebuilding priorities for 2025, reflect on the challenges and achievements of 2024, and provide the following recommendations for how international partners can better support women peacebuilders engaged in preventing and mitigating election violence.

  2025 marks the 25th anniversary of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 and the creation of the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda. The Women Waging Peace network, which was created in 1999, has supported women peacebuilders around the world as they work to create more peaceful and equitable societies over the same time. The members of the network are implementing Women, Peace and Security priorities in their communities, advocating for gender equality and gender-responsive solutions to violence. This report shows the reality of their work: even after 25 years of the WPS agenda, they feel frustrated with formal WPS policies and programming, they consistently face threats to their safety and they believe that ensuring gender equality and preventing gender-based violence are fundamental to building peace.

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  Defending Democracy: Women's Leadership in Preventing and Mitigating Election Violence

  Briana Mawby and Arenne Taylor Flanders

  The annual Women Waging Peace report provides a resource for policymakers and funders, created directly from the recommendations and priorities of women peacebuilders around the world. These findings have been drawn from peacebuilders working in different conflict contexts and across a range of sectors of peacebuilding work. Each year, the survey provides an analysis of the work of women peacebuilders, the progress they have made, and the challenges and opportunities they are facing. These questions are repeated yearly, allowing for the collection of longitudinal data and analysis of trends over time. In addition to the repeated questions, the survey has a different theme each year, providing in-depth discussion of a peacebuilding topic that is particularly salient at that time. This year’s report focuses on election violence, because more than 65 countries and territories held elections in 2024, and women peacebuilders played a key role in managing and preventing violence during these elections. This report explores how women peacebuilders around the world worked to address election violence in their countries.

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  Defending Democracy: Women’s Leadership in Preventing and Mitigating Election Violence (Executive Summary)

  Briana Mawby and Arenne Taylor Flanders

  Since 1999, Women Waging Peace members have been carefully selected to join the one-of-a-kind global network that works to end cycles of violence. With 1,000+ women peacebuilder members from 56+ countries and 30+ areas of peacebuilding expertise, the network drives forward evidence-based approaches to building more inclusive and peaceful societies. The network is hosted by the Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice.

  The annual Women Waging Peace report serves as a guide for policymakers and funders, drawing directly from the recommendations and priorities of women peacebuilders around the world. These findings have been provided by peacebuilders across countries, conflict contexts, types of peacebuilding work, and across age, sexual orientation, education level, disability and migration status. This report leveraged the perspectives and experiences of 106 women peacebuilders from 43 countries to identify peacebuilding priorities for 2025, reflect on the challenges and achievements of 2024, and provide the following recommendations for how international partners can better support women peacebuilders engaged in preventing and mitigating election violence.

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  Women peacebuilders at risk: Analysis of threats received in 2024

  Briana Mawby and Arenne Taylor Flanders

  This policy brief is drawn from the 2025 annual Women Waging Peace report, which serves as a guide for policymakers and funders and draws directly from the recommendations and priorities of women peacebuilders around the world. These findings have been provided by peacebuilders across countries, conflict contexts, types of peacebuilding work, and across age, sexual orientation, education level, disability and migration status. This report leveraged the perspectives and experiences of 106 women peacebuilders from 43 countries to identify peacebuilding priorities for 2025, reflect on the challenges and achievements of 2024, and provide the following recommendations for how international partners can better support women peacebuilders engaged in preventing and mitigating election violence.

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  Exploring Systems of Discrimination and Violence Against Wayuu Indigenous Women/E’rrajawaa Sucuaypaa Jutumaa tu’u muju’ulaca err’uin wayumuin Sumuin tu’u Wayuu Jiertkaa sumuin tu muilian Jain

  Dayanna Palmar Uriana

  From the moment an Indigenous girl is born, her identity is shaped by two intersecting categories: gender and ethnic belonging. These identity categories influence various aspects of her environment, upbringing, education, work and life.

  As a member of the Wayuu people, I understand the challenges of being an Indigenous woman. The Wayuu Indigenous people are the largest Indigenous group in both Colombia and Venezuela. They inhabit the desert and coastal territory of La Guajira, a region shared between the two countries. However, for the Wayuu, it is a single, unique territory, encompassing the physical, biocultural and spiritual dynamics rooted in our Indigenous identity.

  Through my work as a researcher, I have found a way to reconnect with my roots. Growing up far from my ancestral territory and having the privilege of accessing higher education made me deeply aware of the barriers that Wayuu Indigenous women face. In these academic spaces, Indigenous identity was absent, and representation was almost nonexistent. I have also experienced self-rejection—feeling like an outsider in non-Indigenous spaces yet belonging to both worlds at the same time. The obstacles that Indigenous women face in reaching their full potential led me to undertake this research: to express our own vulnerability in this new era and what we can do for the preservation of our culture and territory, as women, as an Indigenous people.

  This research continues the practices of other Indigenous research methods by placing the voices of Indigenous people at its center. The methodology is grounded in focus groups conducted with Wayuu women in Colombia and Venezuela, specifically in the communities of Pasipamana, Oorokot, and Paraguaipoa. It includes interviews with Wayuu leaders and references literature on the cosmology of Indigenous peoples, as well as studies of discrimination and human rights abuses. Through these conversations, I identified forms of discrimination that intertwine and produce systems of violence affecting Wayuu women. The goal of this article is to explore how Wayuu Indigenous women stand before the world and confront the causes of discrimination and the power inequalities that reinforce forms of violence and oppression.

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  Building Peace from Afar: Women-Led Peacekeeping from the Diaspora (Case Study: Iran)

  Shadi Rouhshahbaz

  This case study examines how young Iranian women, at home and abroad, envision Iran’s futures, their role in change-making and the challenges they face. It shows how their aspirations reflect lived experiences and the limited civic spaces within which they champion change, and the difficult choices they face about leaving or staying, while their visions for Iran’s future transcend current insecurities, offering images of a more equitable society that may inspire meaningful, feminist-led transformation.

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  Building Peace from Afar: Women-Led Peacekeeping from the Diaspora (Case Study: Burma/Myanmar)

  Kay Soe

  This case study highlights the role and strategies of Burmese/Myanmar’s women in the diaspora in the US in contributing to political transformation in their homeland. It shows how through advocacy, mobilization, women’s networks and different types of organizing, these women navigate structural and cultural challenges, leveraging their diasporic networks and unique perspectives to support democratic ideals and envision an inclusive, federal future for Burma/Myanmar.

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  Building Peace from Afar: Women-Led Peacebuilding from the Diaspora

  Elena B, Stavrevska; Sveto Muhammad Ishoq; Shadi Rouhshahbaz; Kay Soe; Briana Mawby; and Carolyne Komen

  Diaspora communities have long played critical roles in peacebuilding efforts in their countries of origin, yet the contributions of women within these communities remain significantly underexplored and underappreciated. This report seeks to address this gap by focusing on the unique roles, challenges and contributions of women in diaspora-led peacebuilding initiatives. Women in the diaspora — often navigating complex identities and facing distinct challenges — are vital actors in promoting peace, reconciliation and social change in their homelands.

  Drawing on a comprehensive review of literature, research interviews, and detailed case studies, this report provides a nuanced understanding of how diaspora women contribute to peacebuilding efforts, particularly in conflict-affected regions. The case studies highlight the experiences of Afghan women peacebuilders in the UK, women peacebuilders from Burma/Myanmar in the US, and Iranian women working to advance societal change and progress, currently based in Iran and Australia, offering concrete examples of how these women overcome significant obstacles and contribute to peace.

  The report identifies several key findings. First, it highlights a significant research gap in the study of womenled diaspora peacebuilding, particularly regarding how intersecting identities such as gender, age and immigration status shape their contributions. Second, the report underscores the complex challenges these women face, including safety concerns, online and offline threats of violence, lack of funding, time scarcity, and entrenched patriarchal norms — all of which hinder their ability to engage in peacebuilding fully. Third, despite these challenges, diaspora women employ a range of innovative strategies to contribute to peacebuilding. They engage in advocacy, lead mobilization and grassroots initiatives, document human rights violations and use digital platforms to raise awareness and build international support. Their visions for peace and the future are deeply informed by their experiences as diaspora members; many had engaged in activism in their homelands, and some have experienced being a refugee, asylum-seeker or in exile. These leaders envision peace not only as the absence of violence but as a nurturing environment for all people — including women and girls — by emphasizing inclusive governance, justice and social well-being.

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  Building Peace from Afar: Women-Led Peacebuilding from the Diaspora (Executive Summary)

  Elena B. Stavrevska, Sveto Muhammad Ishoq, Shadi Rouhshahbaz, Kay Soe, Briana Mawby, and Carolyne Komen

  Diaspora communities have long played critical roles in peacebuilding efforts in their countries of origin, yet the contributions of women within these communities remain significantly underexplored and underappreciated. This report seeks to address this gap by focusing on the unique roles, challenges and contributions of women in diaspora-led peacebuilding initiatives. Women in the diaspora — often navigating complex identities and facing distinct challenges — are vital actors in promoting peace, reconciliation and social change in their homelands.

  Drawing on a comprehensive review of literature, research interviews, and detailed case studies, this report provides a nuanced understanding of how diaspora women contribute to peacebuilding efforts, particularly in conflict-affected regions. The case studies highlight the experiences of Afghan women peacebuilders in the UK, women peacebuilders from Burma/Myanmar in the US, and Iranian women working to advance societal change and progress, currently based in Iran and Australia, offering concrete examples of how these women overcome significant obstacles and contribute to peace.

  The report identifies several key findings. First, it highlights a significant research gap in the study of women-led diaspora peacebuilding, particularly regarding how intersecting identities such as gender, age and immigration status shape their contributions. Second, the report underscores the complex challenges these women face, including safety concerns, online and offline threats of violence, lack of funding, time scarcity, and entrenched patriarchal norms — all of which hinder their ability to engage in peacebuilding fully. Third, despite these challenges, diaspora women employ a range of innovative strategies to contribute to peacebuilding. They engage in advocacy, lead mobilization and grassroots initiatives, document human rights violations and use digital platforms to raise awareness and build international support. Their visions for peace and the future are deeply informed by their experiences as diaspora members; many had engaged in activism in their homelands, and some have experienced being a refugee, asylum-seeker or in exile. These leaders envision peace not only as the absence of violence but as a nurturing environment for all people — including women and girls — by emphasizing inclusive governance, justice and social well-being.

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  Beyond Borders: Confronting Transnational Violence Against Black Migrants

  Nana Afua Yeboaa Brantuo

  Beyond Borders: Confronting Transnational Violence Against Black Migrants explores the systemic violence and exclusion faced by Black migrants throughout their migration journey, with a focus on the U.S. immigration system. Synthesizing literature, data, and expert interviews, the paper highlights the intersecting forms of violence—political, community, racial, and gender-based—that Black migrants experience before, during, and after migration. The paper emphasizes how structural racism, anti-Blackness, and inadequate legal protections contribute to the compounded vulnerabilities of Black migrants. It calls for comprehensive policy interventions, including trauma-informed care, policy and legal system transformations, and community-based support, to address these multifaceted challenges and promote a more just and equitable migration system. Through data analysis and lived experiences, the paper advocates for systemic transformation to protect Black migrants' rights, safety, and dignity.

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  The Disappearing Fishermen

  Areli Palomo Contreras

  The Disappearing Fishermen is one of a series of ethnographic journalism stories about the violence embedded in the web of power structures shaping our global market system. In the Honduran wetlands of the Central American Gulf of Fonseca, these structures result in multiple forms of harm and damage to artisanal fishing communities. During the eighties and the nineties, the shrimp farming industry that settled in these wetlands was conceived to meet the Global North’s “need” for shrimp. Powerful international institutions including the World Bank and development agencies such as USAID provided loans to private companies, while the Honduran government enabled the encroachment of shrimp farms through land-use concessions, without any concern for the impact on the Gulf’s population.

  For five decades, the expansion of the shrimp farming industry has stripped artisanal fishermen communities of their fishing spaces and unleashed severe social conflict, depleted resources and created a deep, unspoken environmental crisis. In addition to discussing the community's experiences of harassment and violence at the hands of state institutions and shrimp farming companies’ private security, this story delves into the Traditional Environmental Knowledge of artisanal fishing communities. It explains the impact on the dynamics and importance of the wetlands to artisanal livelihoods. The work highlights the extreme level of wetlands pollution and argues that the environmental disaster that has caused two significant fish and mollusk die-offs in the last five years is the manifestation of structural violence in its most overpowering form.

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  Border Fellows Report 2023

  Márgara de León Cevallos, Aida Renee Amador, Javier Neftali Jiménez Quintana, Carla Ulloa Vázquez, Meritxell Calderón-Vargas, Carlos Foo-Kong, Psyché Calderón, and Rebeca Cázarez Adame

  The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of each of the Border Fellows' projects and place those projects within the broader context of the Tijuana-San Diego border region.

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  Reporte Border Fellows 2023

  Márgara de León Cevallos, Aida Renee Amador, Javier Neftali Jiménez Quintana, Carla Ulloa Vázquez, Meritxell Calderón-Vargas, Carlos Foo-Kong, Psyché Calderón, and Rebeca Cázarez Adame

  El propósito de este informe es proporcionar una descripción general de cada uno de los proyectos de los becarios y ubicarlos dentro del contexto más amplio de la región fronteriza Tijuana-San Diego.

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  California Threats and Harassment Initiative: A Literature Review Contextualizing the Environment of Threats and Harassment of Local Elected Officials in the United States between 2013 and 2024

  Ioli Filmeridis, Rachel Hodel, and Thomas Oliver

  Given the attention dedicated to violence targeted against national figures and representatives, this literature review focuses on the less prominent, but nonetheless critical, issue of threats and harassment directed at locally elected officials. In particular, it considers school board officials, members of city councils, community college boards, elected sheriffs, city and district attorneys and mayors in Southern California as well as across the United States. It draws on traditional media coverage, academic and think tank discussions of the scope of threats and harassment faced by local officials, the drivers of threatening and harassing behavior, and their impact on local officials and the democratic process. In addition, this literature review provides an overview of current recommendations for reducing the level of threat to local officials and improving civil discourse.

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  Code Blue: How Police and Health Care Providers Disrupt Healing for Violently Injured Black Men

  Cherrell Green

  While Black males are disproportionately impacted by gun homicide, they are also grossly impacted by non-fatal shootings. The impact of gun violence extends far beyond the immediate physical harm inflicted by bullets; this harm can permeate and disrupt personal relationships, create lasting psychological distress, and undermine a sense of safety within communities. However, the needs of injured Black men are often overlooked in public discourse. Despite the prevalence of these traumatic experiences in the lives of low-income Black men, their response to trauma is often treated as pathology, with fewer resources devoted to addressing the adverse consequences associated with these experiences. This policy brief summarizes key findings from a study involving 18 in-person semi-structured interviews with Black men across the United States who have sustained a gunshot injury. The findings highlight the individual and institutional harm Black men with gunshot wounds (GSWs) experience at the hands of both police officers and health care providers. Consequently, this brief proposes changes designed to positively impact the lives of Black men affected by gun violence throughout the continuum of care.

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  Exploring the Pathway of Far-Right Radicalization in the Age of Neoliberalism

  Biko Koenig

  This paper examines the complex relationship between young white men and the rise of far-right extremism in contemporary American politics, particularly in the context of the MAGA movement and its implications for political violence. The January 6th riot serves as a stark example of how mainstream political affiliations can rapidly devolve into radicalization, as evidenced by the profiles of participants who often lacked formal ties to extremist groups yet shared a commitment to conspiracy-laden narratives and grievances. By framing these shifts within the broader socio-economic landscape marked by neoliberal decay, I explore how feelings of inequality, alienation, and powerlessness serve as fertile ground for far-right ideologies. This context suggests that far-right spaces provide not only a sense of community and agency but also a compelling narrative that resonates deeply with those experiencing socio-economic precarity.

  In light of this framework, I advocate for a nuanced understanding of political engagement with individuals drawn to far-right ideologies. Rather than dismissing their concerns as merely prejudicial or misinformed, I emphasize the need for empathetic approaches that acknowledge and validate their lived experiences of inequality. By employing a social movement framework, the paper details how the far-right effectively constructs collective identities around shared grievances, thus reinforcing its appeal. Ultimately, I point to the potential to counteract these trends by fostering open dialogues that address the underlying issues of inequality, thereby creating pathways toward understanding and, potentially, reversing the political shift among disaffected young men.

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  California Threats and Harassment Initiative (CATHI) One Pager

  Violence, Inequality and Power Lab Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice

  The presence and growth of threats and harassment impairs community cohesion, further undermining the ability to address our collective challenges. The University of San Diego is investigating the scale and scope of these issues and their impact on elected officials as well as on local democratic institutions. This data is from a 2023 survey of elected officials in Imperial, Riverside, and San Diego Counties about their experiences with threats and harassment.

  The 2023 study was led by the University of San Diego's Violence, Inequality, and Power Lab (VIP Lab) to create a comprehensive understanding of the threat environment of locally elected officials in Imperial, Riverside, and San Diego Counties.

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  Reintegrating Ex-Combatants or Dividing Communities? Analysing Power Inequalities in Nigeria’s Amnesty Programme

  Tarila Marclint Ebiede

  Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes are integral components of post-conflict peacebuilding. The reintegration of ex-combatants is seen as the hallmark of successful DDR programming. While there is significant analysis of social and economic reintegration of ex-combatants, research seldom analyses how DDR impacts power relations in conflict-affected communities. This study addresses this gap by analysing the impact of Nigeria’s Presidential Amnesty Programme (PAP), a DDR programme designed and implemented by the Federal Government of Nigeria, on reproducing unequal power relations in conflict-affected communities in the Niger Delta. Based on primary data, the study finds that the implementation of PAP empowered leaders of armed militant groups in the Niger Delta, positioning militia leaders to dominate community leadership. The study concludes by reflecting on the policy implications of the research, with recommendations on how peacebuilding programmes, such as DDR, could be designed to reduce power inequalities instead of reinforcing them.

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  Women’s Peacebuilding Leadership during the COVID-19 Pandemic

  Briana Mawby, Carolyne Komen, and John Porten

  Women's Peacebuilding Leadership during the COVID-19 Pandemic is the first annual Women Waging Peace report, a new publication that provides a resource for policymakers and funders, created directly from the recommendations and priorities of women peacebuilders around the world. This report leverages the experiences and perspectives of women peace leaders to communicate clear priorities to funders and policymakers about what matters most for building sustainable and long-lasting peace.
  
  This report provides:

  • Analysis of the challenges and opportunities that the global community of women peacebuilders experienced in 2023;
  • Recommendations for funding and programming priorities for 2024; and
  • In-depth findings related to the COVID-19 pandemic and changing use of technology – particularly information and communication technology – in the peacebuilding field.

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  Women’s Peacebuilding Leadership during the COVID-19 Pandemic (Executive Summary)

  Briana Mawby, Carolyne Komen, and John Porten

  Women's Peacebuilding Leadership during the COVID-19 Pandemic is the first annual Women Waging Peace report, a new publication that provides a resource for policymakers and funders, created directly from the recommendations and priorities of women peacebuilders around the world. This report leverages the experiences and perspectives of women peace leaders to communicate clear priorities to funders and policymakers about what matters most for building sustainable and long-lasting peace.
  
  This report provides:

  • Analysis of the challenges and opportunities that the global community of women peacebuilders experienced in 2023;
  • Recommendations for funding and programming priorities for 2024; and
  • In-depth findings related to the COVID-19 pandemic and changing use of technology – particularly information and communication technology – in the peacebuilding field.

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  Discrimination Against Wayuu Women as a System of Collective Violence Against the Wayuu Indigenous People in Venezuela and Colombia / Errata Wayuumuin Sumuin tu’ Wayuu Jiertkaa Jutuma’a Milia’an Jauhtu’u Jumaika’a heka Jumana’a tuu Wuomain eh Venezuerraka musia Colompianaka

  Dayanna Palmar Uriana

  I wanted to shed light on the situation of Indigenous women in Colombia and Venezuela, focusing specifically on the situation of Wayuu women living in the northern border of both countries. The identity of an Indigenous woman carries a dual burden—defined by both gender and ethnicity—that determines living conditions and access to rights within a worldview rooted in a collective sense of belonging to an Indigenous people. As a Wayuu Indigenous woman and a human rights researcher, my objective was to identify forms of discrimination by listening to Wayuu women in the territories of both countries. This approach allowed us to reveal mechanisms of oppression and power inequalities that are interdependent and generate systematic and collective forms of violence.

  This violence manifests itself in ways such as poverty, maternal morbidity, spiritual violence, and an increase in gender-based violence data. This analysis was carried out considering the worldview of the Wayuu Indigenous people and their matrilineal organization, which grants women a fundamental role in the care of our people. As an Indigenous people, we understand that the impact is not only felt by Wayuu women but also by the collective of the ancestral territory, which includes all Wayuu people and non-human spirits. Additionally, the analysis took into account international human rights regulations, Indigenous peoples' rights, and women's rights to assess the progress made by the Colombian and Venezuelan states in guaranteeing the rights of Wayuu women and to outline the necessary steps for preserving the lives of Indigenous peoples.

  Quería sacar a la luz la situación de las mujeres indígenas en Colombia y Venezuela, tomando en consideración la situación de las Mujeres Wayuu que habitan la frontera norte de ambos países. La identidad de una mujer indígena soporta una carga contenida en el género y la etnicidad que determina condiciones de vida y acceso a derechos dentro de una cosmovisión de vida colectiva de pertenencia hacia un pueblo indígena. Como mujer indígena Wayuu e investigadora en temas de derechos humanos mi objetivo fue identificar formas de discriminación mediante la escucha de mujeres Wayuu en territorio de ambos países, de esta manera fue posible revelar mecanismos de opresión e inequidades de poder que son interdependientes unas de otras y que generan violencias sistemáticas y colectivas.

  Esta violencia se expresa en formas como la pobreza, la morbilidad materna, la violencia espiritual e incrementos de la data en materia de violencia basada en género. Este análisis se hizo considerando la cosmovisión del pueblo indígena Wayuu y su organización matrilineal, lo cual otorga a las mujeres una relevancia fundamental en el cuidado de nuestro pueblo y como pueblo indígena también se comprende que las afectaciones no recaen solo en la mujer Wayuu, pero también en el colectivo del territorio ancestral, que incluye a todas las personas Wayuu y los espíritus no humanos. A su vez, se tomaron en cuenta lo estipulado en las normativas internacionales de derechos humanos, derechos de los pueblos indígenas y derechos de las mujeres para evidenciar el avance de los Estados de Colombia y Venezuela en la garantía de derechos hacia las muj

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  La Discriminación hacia la Mujer Wayuu como Sistema de Violencia Colectiva en el Pueblo Wayuu en Venezuela y Colombia

  Dayanna Palmar Uriana

  Quería sacar a la luz la situación de las mujeres indígenas en Colombia y Venezuela, tomando en consideración la situación de las Mujeres Wayuu que habitan la frontera norte de ambos países. La identidad de una mujer indígena soporta una carga contenida en el género y la etnicidad que determina condiciones de vida y acceso a derechos dentro de una cosmovisión de vida colectiva de pertenencia hacia un pueblo indígena. Como mujer indígena Wayuu e investigadora en temas de derechos humanos mi objetivo fue identificar formas de discriminación mediante la escucha de mujeres Wayuu en territorio de ambos países, de esta manera fue posible revelar mecanismos de opresión e inequidades de poder que son interdependientes unas de otras y que generan violencias sistemáticas y colectivas.

  Esta violencia se expresa en formas como la pobreza, la morbilidad materna, la violencia espiritual e incrementos de la data en materia de violencia basada en género. Este análisis se hizo considerando la cosmovisión del pueblo indígena Wayuu y su organización matrilineal, lo cual otorga a las mujeres una relevancia fundamental en el cuidado de nuestro pueblo y como pueblo indígena también se comprende que las afectaciones no recaen solo en la mujer Wayuu, pero también en el colectivo del territorio ancestral, que incluye a todas las personas Wayuu y los espíritus no humanos. A su vez, se tomaron en cuenta lo estipulado en las normativas internacionales de derechos humanos, derechos de los pueblos indígenas y derechos de las mujeres para evidenciar el avance de los Estados de Colombia y Venezuela en la garantía de derechos hacia las mujeres Wayuu y hacia dónde se debe avanzar para preservar la vida de pueblos indígenas.