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“HOW SCARED ARE YOU?” Mapping the Threat Environment of San Diego’s Elected Officials
Rachel Locke and Carl Luna
Democracy cannot function without individuals stepping up to serve as representatives of their community. The presence and growth of threats and harassment directed towards elected representatives poses a direct risk to our democracy, weakening community cohesion and our ability to address collective challenges. While our research found threats and harassment to be present across political parties, it identified women as far more likely to be on the receiving end both in terms of quantity and severity. If under-represented groups are pushed out of the processes of debate and decision-making, solutions will not be oriented around the diversity of our society.
Without clear data on the scale of the problem, the rise in threats and ad hominem attacks are too easily discounted by public officials, the media and the public at large. Possible consequences range from an increased potential for physical violence and the resignation from public life of elected officials. The research outlined in this report helps to expose the scale of threats and harassment, while in turn providing recommendations from those directly impacted, concerned community members and scholars on how to reinforce safe and non-threatening local governance.
While several studies have shown that cities, counties and states across the country are experiencing an increased level of hostility towards elected officials, very few geographically designated areas are measuring incidents in any structured way. The research outlined in this report aims to set a clear baseline on the extent of aggressive behavior towards nearly all categories of elected office in San Diego County. Our research looked at all County School Boards, Community College Boards, City Councils, Mayors, and the County Board of Supervisors.
Using a mixed methods approach that included surveys, interviews, a traditional media review and social media review, our team was able to get a clear picture of the problem both objectively and subjectively. Our findings confirm that the rise in threats and harassments targeting elected officials identified in national studies is also occurring at the local level in San Diego County. This rise in hostile threatening behavior towards elected officials is having a measurable impact on a) the ability of elected office holders to effectively participate in the public policy process; b) the likelihood of elected officials seeking to encourage others to enter public life or remain in public life themselves; and c) the psychological and physical health of office holders and their families. The vitriol we are seeing risks significantly and negatively impact the vitality of local democracy, civic engagement and effective policy making on across the policy spectrum.
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One Pager - “How Scared Are You?” Mapping the Threat Environment of San Diego’s Elected Officials
Rachel Locke and Carl Luna
This one pager includes data summary points from survey sent to San Diego County elected officials.
Targeted threats and the perpetration of physical violence against elected officials have been increasing steadily around the world. Democracy cannot function without individuals serving in elected governance. The presence and growth of threats and harassment undermines community cohesion, further undermining our ability to address our collective challenges.
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Building Holistic Security (Case Study: Yemen)
Muna Luqman
Highlighting the need for increased and flexible funding for women peacebuilders in Yemen.
Women peacebuilders inevitably face risks and insecurity in their daily work. International partners have an important role to play in supporting their safety and protection. Understanding women peacebuilders’ roles and the types of risks they face is the first step in ensuring an adequate response. This case study forms part of the Building Holistic Security: Addressing Security Risks of Women Peacebuilders Through Partnerships report, focused on how international partners can better partner with women peacebuilders to address the risks and insecurity they face in the different facets of their work.
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Executive Summary: The Uganda NextGen Framework
Briana Mawby, Noah Mirembe Gabigogo, and Cassandra Barrett
The Uganda NextGen Framework: Guidelines for Intergenerational Peacebuilding report provides a practical framework for creating intergenerational peacebuilding partnerships drawn from the lived experiences of women peacebuilders across Uganda and outlines key considerations when addressing generational divides and gaps in peacebuilding efforts. The report provides analysis drawn from the debates and discussions held between 2020 and 2023 as the cohort of peacebuilders engaged in the Uganda NextGen initiative worked across generations to create social change throughout the country. The framework provides a guide for others trying to create mutually beneficial and equitable peacebuilding partnerships among people of different generations.
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The Uganda NextGen Framework: Guidelines for Intergenerational Peacebuilding
Briana Mawby, Noah Mirembe Gabigogo, and Cassandra Barrett
This report provides a practical framework for creating intergenerational peacebuilding partnerships drawn from the lived experiences of women peacebuilders across Uganda and outlines key considerations when addressing generational divides and gaps in peacebuilding efforts.
The report provides analysis drawn from the debates and discussions held between 2020 and 2023 as the cohort of peacebuilders engaged in the Uganda NextGen initiative worked across generations to create social change throughout the country. The framework provides a guide for others trying to create mutually beneficial and equitable peacebuilding partnerships among people of different generations. -
Intergenerational Peacebuilding Among Women (Case Study: Egypt)
Nermine Mounir and Hassnaa Tamam
This case study is part of the Intergenerational Peacebuilding Among Women: Leveraging the Power of Collaboration report created by the Women PeaceMakers program. In this case study, Woman PeaceMaker Fellow Nermine Mounir explores the state of intergenerational peacebuilding for women in Egypt. Day by day, women peacebuilders are discovering new spaces within which to make themselves heard. The power of these women and their impact can be further magnified by joining efforts and drawing on their diversity. This research demonstrates the deep desire women peacebuilders in Egypt have for intergenerational collaboration but also how rare this sort of intergenerational collaboration currently is in their work.
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Building Holistic Security (Case Study: Tanzania)
Ambassador Liberata Mulamula and Tatu Mkiwa Nyange
Highlighting how recognition and common vision can help mitigate security risks to women peacebuilders.
Women peacebuilders inevitably face risks and insecurity in their daily work. International partners have an important role to play in supporting their safety and protection. Understanding women peacebuilders’ roles and the types of risks they face is the first step in ensuring an adequate response. This case study forms part of the Building Holistic Security: Addressing Security Risks of Women Peacebuilders Through Partnerships report, focused on how international partners can better partner with women peacebuilders to address the risks and insecurity they face in the different facets of their work
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Building Holistic Security: Addressing Security Risks of Women Peacebuilders Through Partnerships
Neslihan Ozgunes, Eva Dalak, Sandra Melone, Natalija Gojković, Nesreen Barwari, Slava Shikh Hasan, Muna Luqman, Tatu M. Nyange, and Ambassador Liberata Mulamula
Women peacebuilders inevitably face risks and insecurity in their daily work. International partners have an important role to play in supporting their safety and protection. Understanding women peacebuilders’ roles and the types of risks they face is the first step in ensuring an adequate response. The diversity of roles that women peacebuilders play, as well as the multiple factors that impact the types of risks they might face, need to be taken into account by international partners from the very beginning of a partnership.
Building Holistic Security: Addressing Security Risks of Women Peacebuilders Through Partnerships addresses how international partners who wish to work with women peacebuilders and support them in addressing the risks and insecurity they face need to recognize the scope and nature of peacebuilding work, which is often cross-cutting, overlapping with humanitarian response and development work. Understanding the nuances and breadth of women peacebuilders’ work is crucial to identifying the risks they face and providing them with effective legal, political and financial protection — and is thereby essential to creating partnerships that mitigate and address these risks. Through case studies, the report identifies challenges and opportunities drawn directly from the lived realities of women peacebuilders and their partners, as well as from experts working in the Women, Peace and Security field. -
Executive Summary: Building Holistic Security
Neslihan Ozgunes, Eva Dalak, Sandra Melone, Natalija Gojković, Nesreen Barwari, Slava Shikh Hasan, Muna Luqman, Tatu M. Nyange, and Ambassador Liberata Mulamula
Women peacebuilders inevitably face risks and insecurity in their daily work. International partners have an important role to play in supporting their safety and protection. Understanding women peacebuilders’ roles and the types of risks they face is the first step in ensuring an adequate response. The diversity of roles that women peacebuilders play, as well as the multiple factors that impact the types of risks they might face, need to be taken into account by international partners from the very beginning of a partnership.
Building Holistic Security: Addressing Security Risks of Women Peacebuilders Through Partnerships addresses how international partners who wish to work with women peacebuilders and support them in addressing the risks and insecurity they face need to recognize the scope and nature of peacebuilding work, which is often cross-cutting, overlapping with humanitarian response and development work. Understanding the nuances and breadth of women peacebuilders’ work is crucial to identifying the risks they face and providing them with effective legal, political and financial protection — and is thereby essential to creating partnerships that mitigate and address these risks. Through case studies, the report identifies challenges and opportunities drawn directly from the lived realities of women peacebuilders and their partners, as well as from experts working in the Women, Peace and Security field. -
FACE Peace Design Brief #1: Communities of Practice On/Offline
John Porten
The FACE Peace Initiative at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice intends to help peacebuilders answer questions about in-person and online collaboration with intention and care. This design brief combines desk research on best practices from other fields with observation of peacebuilding organizations to identify key debates and concerns and provide insight into how to navigate trade-offs between in-person and distanced peacebuilding activities and events.
Peacebuilding organizations often attempt to gather members of the field into “communities of practice” (“CoPs”), which intend to increase skills and knowledge among members through long-term information-sharing and reciprocal mentorship. Facilitators of practice communities in peacebuilding and other fields frequently complain that the community falls moribund over time.
This FACE Peace design brief considers the question of practice community success from the perspective of hybrid work and the tensions peacebuilders have come to feel between digital and in-person interactions in a truly global field.
What does in-person interaction between practice community members accomplish? When are these benefits essential for success? When are they simply “nice to have”? What are the best ways to recreate the benefits of in-person meetings at a distance? Are there benefits only distanced work can provide?
Answers depend in part on the goals, constraints and characteristics of the practice community. This design brief offers insights on two related questions. First, how should the facilitators of practice communities decide what happens in person and what happens at a distance? Second, how can facilitators administer the in-person and online aspects of their practice communities to maximum effect?
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FACE Peace Design Brief #2: Education and Training Programs in the Digital Age
John Porten
This FACE Peace Design Brief considers education and training programs among peacebuilders in the digital age. Recent advances in technology, and cultural shifts brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, have allowed program and event designers to consider a wide variety of tools and practices that allow education to happen at a distance or asynchronously.
Peacebuilding organizations often facilitate programs designed to train or educate. In some cases, these programs seek to impart specific technical skills to professional members of the peacebuilding community; in others, the seek to impart broader skills and knowledge to informal, grassroots peace practitioners. In some cases, facilitators implement these programs in face-to-face sessions. Increasingly, however, educational programing in the peacebuilding field takes place in whole or in part in distanced or even asynchronous settings.
This Design Brief considers the issue of education and training programs from the perspective of participant recruitment and preparation. It discusses how certain participant needs are amplified by distance from instructors and other students as well as how program design might meet these needs.
We focus on the problems associated with learning loss in distanced education. Which educational programs are best suited for distanced or asynchronous delivery? How can we choose which elements of hybrid learning programs can be distanced versus face-to-face?
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IREX and the Community Solutions Program
John Porten
The community of practice (CoP) made up of the alumni Community Solutions Program (CSP) caters to a diverse and globally distributed group of professionals in the peacebuilding, humanitarian and development fields. Facilitating such a community without substantial reliance on communications technology and distanced relationship-building would be impossible. Yet this kind of distanced practice community faces a trust hurdle: members will only contribute quality content if they believe others will do the same. This creates a classic “free-rider” problem that leads to the death of many distanced practice communities. Despite this challenge, the CSP alumni that make up the program’s community of practice contribute enthusiastically. Why?
This case study examines five practices IREX employs to increase trust, overcome the free-rider challenge, and therefore inspire participation and the creation of content that provides value to others in the community. The first four of these practices accord with best practices from a variety of other fields known for hosting practice communities. The last practice, focused on building a “community of care” as opposed to simply creating professional value for members, represents an innovation that is well-suited to peacebuilding practice communities.
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Intergenerational Peacebuilding Among Women: Leveraging the Power of Collaboration
Elena B. Stavrevska, Youssra Biare, Ramatoulie Isatou Jallow, Nermine Mounir, Zarqa Yaftali, Heela Yoon, Briana Mawby, and Hassnaa Tamam
Compounding crises related to inequalities and violence, health, the environment and food and water insecurity affect people across generations, and solutions to build lasting peace require the involvement and leadership of people of all generations. This report focuses on how generation and age differences affect peacebuilding work among women by analyzing how women and women’s organizations are using intergenerational strategies and partnerships to build peace.
Intergenerational Peacebuilding Among Women: Leveraging the Power of Collaboration argues that women’s and women’s organizations’ intergenerational peacebuilding efforts and potential must be better recognized, supported, developed and encouraged at the national and international levels alike. Through the case studies, the report shows examples of existing efforts, opportunities and challenges, with the goal of shaping and influencing how decision-makers and funders approach intergenerational partnerships and strategies as part of peacebuilding work.
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Intergenerational Peacebuilding Among Women: Leveraging the Power of Collaboration (Executive Summary)
Elena B. Stavrevska, Youssra Biare, Ramatoulie Isatou Jallow, Nermine Mounir, Zarqa Yaftali, Heela Yoon, Briana Mawby, and Hassnaa Tamam
Compounding crises related to inequalities and violence, health, the environment and food and water insecurity affect people across generations, and solutions to build lasting peace require the involvement and leadership of people of all generations. This report focuses on how generation and age differences affect peacebuilding work among women by analyzing how women and women’s organizations are using intergenerational strategies and partnerships to build peace.
Intergenerational Peacebuilding Among Women: Leveraging the Power of Collaboration argues that women’s and women’s organizations’ intergenerational peacebuilding efforts and potential must be better recognized, supported, developed and encouraged at the national and international levels alike. Through the case studies, the report shows examples of existing efforts, opportunities and challenges, with the goal of shaping and influencing how decision-makers and funders approach intergenerational partnerships and strategies as part of peacebuilding work.
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Addressing Chronic Violence from a Gendered Perspective (Case Study: Honduras)
Elena B. Stavrevska, Nattecia Nerene Bohardsingh, María Dolores Hernández Montoya, Tania Cecilia Martínez, Briana Mawby, and Aliza Carns
Violence has traditionally been viewed through the lens of armed conflict or specific, concrete violent incidents. However, it is necessary to understand that violence may be a chronic phenomenon— a persistent, deeply ingrained aggression affecting daily lives.
The report makes the case for reconceptualizing violence in the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) and gender equality fields, building upon feminist conceptions of the continuum of violence to recognize that societal structures, systemic discrimination and even pervasive cultural norms can be sources of violence. This comprehensive view has significant implications for policy, demanding multisectoral strategies that address not just symptoms but the root causes. This report illuminates the pervasive issue of chronic violence, especially its gendered dimensions, and advocates for comprehensive approaches to understanding and addressing it. -
Addressing Chronic Violence from a Gendered Perspective (Executive Summary)
Elena B. Stavrevska, Nattecia Nerene Bohardsingh, María Dolores Hernández Montoya, Tania Cecilia Martínez, Briana Mawby, and Aliza Carns
Violence has traditionally been viewed through the lens of armed conflict or specific, concrete violent incidents. However, it is necessary to understand that violence may be a chronic phenomenon— a persistent, deeply ingrained aggression affecting daily lives.
The report makes the case for reconceptualizing violence in the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) and gender equality fields, building upon feminist conceptions of the continuum of violence to recognize that societal structures, systemic discrimination and even pervasive cultural norms can be sources of violence. This comprehensive view has significant implications for policy, demanding multisectoral strategies that address not just symptoms but the root causes. This report illuminates the pervasive issue of chronic violence, especially its gendered dimensions, and advocates for comprehensive approaches to understanding and addressing it. -
Addressing Chronic Violence from a Gendered Perspective: Fostering People-Centered Approaches at the National Level
Elena B. Stavrevska, Nattecia Nerene Bohardsingh, María Dolores Hernández Montoya, Tania Cecilia Martínez, Briana Mawby, and Aliza Carns
Violence has traditionally been viewed through the lens of armed conflict or specific, concrete violent incidents. However, it is necessary to understand that violence may be a chronic phenomenon— a persistent, deeply ingrained aggression affecting daily lives.
The report makes the case for reconceptualizing violence in the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) and gender equality fields, building upon feminist conceptions of the continuum of violence to recognize that societal structures, systemic discrimination and even pervasive cultural norms can be sources of violence. This comprehensive view has significant implications for policy, demanding multisectoral strategies that address not just symptoms but the root causes. This report illuminates the pervasive issue of chronic violence, especially its gendered dimensions, and advocates for comprehensive approaches to understanding and addressing it. -
Addressing Chronic Violence from a Gendered Perspective: Fostering People-Centered Approaches at the National Level (Case Study: Jamaica)
Elena B. Stavrevska, Nattecia Nerene Bohardsingh, María Dolores Hernández Montoya, Tania Cecilia Martínez, Briana Mawby, and Aliza Carns
Violence has traditionally been viewed through the lens of armed conflict or specific, concrete violent incidents. However, it is necessary to understand that violence may be a chronic phenomenon— a persistent, deeply ingrained aggression affecting daily lives.
The report makes the case for reconceptualizing violence in the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) and gender equality fields, building upon feminist conceptions of the continuum of violence to recognize that societal structures, systemic discrimination and even pervasive cultural norms can be sources of violence. This comprehensive view has significant implications for policy, demanding multisectoral strategies that address not just symptoms but the root causes. This report illuminates the pervasive issue of chronic violence, especially its gendered dimensions, and advocates for comprehensive approaches to understanding and addressing it. -
Addressing Chronic Violence from a Gendered Perspective: Fostering People-Centered Approaches at the National Level (Case Study: Mexico)
Elena B. Stavrevska, Nattecia Nerene Bohardsingh, María Dolores Hernández Montoya, Tania Cecilia Martínez, Briana Mawby, and Aliza Carns
Violence has traditionally been viewed through the lens of armed conflict or specific, concrete violent incidents. However, it is necessary to understand that violence may be a chronic phenomenon— a persistent, deeply ingrained aggression affecting daily lives.
The report makes the case for reconceptualizing violence in the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) and gender equality fields, building upon feminist conceptions of the continuum of violence to recognize that societal structures, systemic discrimination and even pervasive cultural norms can be sources of violence. This comprehensive view has significant implications for policy, demanding multisectoral strategies that address not just symptoms but the root causes. This report illuminates the pervasive issue of chronic violence, especially its gendered dimensions, and advocates for comprehensive approaches to understanding and addressing it. -
Análisis de la violencia crónica desde una perspectiva de género (Estudio de caso: Honduras)
Elena B. Stavrevska, Nattecia Nerene Bohardsingh, María Dolores Hernández Montoya, Tania Cecilia Martínez, Briana Mawby, and Aliza Carns
Tradicionalmente, la violencia se ha considerado a través del prisma de los conflictos armados o de incidentes violentos concretos y específicos. Sin embargo, es necesario comprender que la violencia puede ser un fenómeno crónico, una agresión persistente y profundamente arraigada que afecta a la vida cotidiana.
El informe aboga por una reconceptualización de la violencia en los ámbitos de la Mujer, la Paz y la Seguridad (WPS) y la igualdad de género, basándose en las concepciones feministas del continuo de la violencia para reconocer que las estructuras sociales, la discriminación sistémica e incluso las normas culturales dominantes pueden ser fuentes de violencia. Esta visión integral tiene implicaciones significativas para la política, ya que exige estrategias multisectoriales que aborden no solo los síntomas sino las causas profundas. Este informe pone de manifiesto la cuestión de la violencia crónica dominante, especialmente sus dimensiones de género, y aboga por modelos integrales para comprenderla y abordarla. -
Análisis de la violencia crónica desde una perspectiva de género (Estudio de caso: Jamaica)
Elena B. Stavrevska, Nattecia Nerene Bohardsingh, María Dolores Hernández Montoya, Tania Cecilia Martínez, Briana Mawby, and Aliza Carns
Tradicionalmente, la violencia se ha considerado a través del prisma de los conflictos armados o de incidentes violentos concretos y específicos. Sin embargo, es necesario comprender que la violencia puede ser un fenómeno crónico, una agresión persistente y profundamente arraigada que afecta a la vida cotidiana.
El informe aboga por una reconceptualización de la violencia en los ámbitos de la Mujer, la Paz y la Seguridad (WPS) y la igualdad de género, basándose en las concepciones feministas del continuo de la violencia para reconocer que las estructuras sociales, la discriminación sistémica e incluso las normas culturales dominantes pueden ser fuentes de violencia. Esta visión integral tiene implicaciones significativas para la política, ya que exige estrategias multisectoriales que aborden no solo los síntomas sino las causas profundas. Este informe pone de manifiesto la cuestión de la violencia crónica dominante, especialmente sus dimensiones de género, y aboga por modelos integrales para comprenderla y abordarla. -
Análisis de la violencia crónica desde una perspectiva de género (Estudio de caso: México)
Elena B. Stavrevska, Nattecia Nerene Bohardsingh, María Dolores Hernández Montoya, Tania Cecilia Martínez, Briana Mawby, and Aliza Carns
Tradicionalmente, la violencia se ha considerado a través del prisma de los conflictos armados o de incidentes violentos concretos y específicos. Sin embargo, es necesario comprender que la violencia puede ser un fenómeno crónico, una agresión persistente y profundamente arraigada que afecta a la vida cotidiana.
El informe aboga por una reconceptualización de la violencia en los ámbitos de la Mujer, la Paz y la Seguridad (WPS) y la igualdad de género, basándose en las concepciones feministas del continuo de la violencia para reconocer que las estructuras sociales, la discriminación sistémica e incluso las normas culturales dominantes pueden ser fuentes de violencia. Esta visión integral tiene implicaciones significativas para la política, ya que exige estrategias multisectoriales que aborden no solo los síntomas sino las causas profundas. Este informe pone de manifiesto la cuestión de la violencia crónica dominante, especialmente sus dimensiones de género, y aboga por modelos integrales para comprenderla y abordarla. -
Análisis de la violencia crónica desde una perspectiva de género: promover modelos centrados en las personas en el ámbito nacional
Elena B. Stavrevska, Nattecia Nerene Bohardsingh, María Dolores Hernández Montoya, Tania Cecilia Martínez, Briana Mawby, and Aliza Carns
Tradicionalmente, la violencia se ha considerado a través del prisma de los conflictos armados o de incidentes violentos concretos y específicos. Sin embargo, es necesario comprender que la violencia puede ser un fenómeno crónico, una agresión persistente y profundamente arraigada que afecta a la vida cotidiana.
El informe aboga por una reconceptualización de la violencia en los ámbitos de la Mujer, la Paz y la Seguridad (WPS) y la igualdad de género, basándose en las concepciones feministas del continuo de la violencia para reconocer que las estructuras sociales, la discriminación sistémica e incluso las normas culturales dominantes pueden ser fuentes de violencia. Esta visión integral tiene implicaciones significativas para la política, ya que exige estrategias multisectoriales que aborden no solo los síntomas sino las causas profundas. Este informe pone de manifiesto la cuestión de la violencia crónica dominante, especialmente sus dimensiones de género, y aboga por modelos integrales para comprenderla y abordarla. -
Análisis de la violencia crónica desde una perspectiva de género (Resumen ejecutivo)
Elena B. Stavrevska, Nattecia Nerene Bohardsingh, María Dolores Hernández Montoya, Tania Cecilia Martínez, Briana Mawby, and Aliza Carns
Tradicionalmente, la violencia se ha considerado a través del prisma de los conflictos armados o de incidentes violentos concretos y específicos. Sin embargo, es necesario comprender que la violencia puede ser un fenómeno crónico, una agresión persistente y profundamente arraigada que afecta a la vida cotidiana.
El informe aboga por una reconceptualización de la violencia en los ámbitos de la Mujer, la Paz y la Seguridad (WPS) y la igualdad de género, basándose en las concepciones feministas del continuo de la violencia para reconocer que las estructuras sociales, la discriminación sistémica e incluso las normas culturales dominantes pueden ser fuentes de violencia. Esta visión integral tiene implicaciones significativas para la política, ya que exige estrategias multisectoriales que aborden no solo los síntomas sino las causas profundas. Este informe pone de manifiesto la cuestión de la violencia crónica dominante, especialmente sus dimensiones de género, y aboga por modelos integrales para comprenderla y abordarla. -
Intergenerational Peacebuilding Among Women (Case Study: Afghanistan)
Zarqa Yaftali
This case study is part of the Intergenerational Peacebuilding Among Women: Leveraging the Power of Collaboration report created by the Women PeaceMakers program. In this case study, Woman PeaceMaker Fellow Zarqa Yaftali explores the state of intergenerational peacebuilding for women’s rights activists in Afghanistan. This research demonstrates that women of different generations must work together with mutual trust and respect to challenge the dominant narrative that women are not involved in peacebuilding. Leveraging the strengths of the younger generation in Afghanistan and the older generation abroad is vital for successful partnerships.
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